incrementalLearner

Convert binary classification support vector machine (SVM) model to incremental learner

Syntax

IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(Mdl)

IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(Mdl,Name,Value)

Description

IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(Mdl) returns a binary classification linear model for incremental learning, IncrementalMdl, using the traditionally trained linear SVM model object or SVM model template object in Mdl.

If you specify a traditionally trained model, then its property values reflect the knowledge gained from Mdl (parameters and hyperparameters of the model). Therefore, IncrementalMdl can predict labels given new observations, and it is warm, meaning that its predictive performance is tracked.

IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(Mdl,Name,Value) uses additional options specified by one or more name-value arguments. Some options require you to train IncrementalMdl before its predictive performance is tracked. For example, 'MetricsWarmupPeriod',50,'MetricsWindowSize',100 specifies a preliminary incremental training period of 50 observations before performance metrics are tracked, and specifies processing 100 observations before updating the window performance metrics.

Examples

Convert Traditionally Trained Model to Incremental Learner

Train an SVM model by using fitcsvm, and then convert it to an incremental learner.

Load and Preprocess Data

Load the human activity data set.

load humanactivity

For details on the data set, enter Description at the command line.

Responses can be one of five classes: Sitting, Standing, Walking, Running, or Dancing. Dichotomize the response by identifying whether the subject is moving (actid > 2).

Y = actid > 2;

Train SVM Model

Fit an SVM model to the entire data set. Discard the support vectors (Alpha) from the model so that the software uses the linear coefficients (Beta) for prediction.

TTMdl = fitcsvm(feat,Y);
TTMdl = discardSupportVectors(TTMdl)

TTMdl = 
  ClassificationSVM
             ResponseName: 'Y'
    CategoricalPredictors: []
               ClassNames: [0 1]
           ScoreTransform: 'none'
          NumObservations: 24075
                     Beta: [60×1 double]
                     Bias: -6.4243
         KernelParameters: [1×1 struct]
           BoxConstraints: [24075×1 double]
          ConvergenceInfo: [1×1 struct]
          IsSupportVector: [24075×1 logical]
                   Solver: 'SMO'


  Properties, Methods

TTMdl is a ClassificationSVM model object representing a traditionally trained SVM model.

Convert Trained Model

Convert the traditionally trained SVM model to a binary classification linear model for incremental learning.

IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(TTMdl) 

IncrementalMdl = 
  incrementalClassificationLinear

            IsWarm: 1
           Metrics: [1×2 table]
        ClassNames: [0 1]
    ScoreTransform: 'none'
              Beta: [60×1 double]
              Bias: -6.4243
           Learner: 'svm'


  Properties, Methods

IncrementalMdl is an incrementalClassificationLinear model object prepared for incremental learning using SVM.

• The incrementalLearner function Initializes the incremental learner by passing learned coefficients to it, along with other information TTMdl extracted from the training data.

• IncrementalMdl is warm (IsWarm is 1), which means that incremental learning functions can start tracking performance metrics.

• The incrementalLearner function specifies to train the model using the adaptive scale-invariant solver, whereas fitcsvm trained TTMdl using the SMO solver.

Predict Responses

An incremental learner created from converting a traditionally trained model can generate predictions without further processing.

Predict classification scores for all observations using both models.

[~,ttscores] = predict(TTMdl,feat);
[~,ilcores] = predict(IncrementalMdl,feat);
compareScores = norm(ttscores(:,1) - ilcores(:,1))

compareScores = 
0

The difference between the scores generated by the models is 0.

Specify SGD Solver and Standardize Predictor Data

The default solver is the adaptive scale-invariant solver. If you specify this solver, you do not need to tune any parameters for training. However, if you specify either the standard SGD or ASGD solver instead, you can also specify an estimation period, during which the incremental fitting functions tune the learning rate.

Load the human activity data set.

load humanactivity

For details on the data set, enter Description at the command line.

Responses can be one of five classes: Sitting, Standing, Walking, Running, and Dancing. Dichotomize the response by identifying whether the subject is moving (actid > 2).

Y = actid > 2;

Randomly split the data in half: the first half for training a model traditionally, and the second half for incremental learning.

n = numel(Y);

rng(1) % For reproducibility
cvp = cvpartition(n,'Holdout',0.5);
idxtt = training(cvp);
idxil = test(cvp);

% First half of data 
Xtt = feat(idxtt,:);
Ytt = Y(idxtt);

% Second half of data
Xil = feat(idxil,:);
Yil = Y(idxil);

Fit an SVM model to the first half of the data. Standardize the predictor data by setting 'Standardize',true.

TTMdl = fitcsvm(Xtt,Ytt,'Standardize',true);

The Mu and Sigma properties of TTMdl contain the predictor data sample means and standard deviations, respectively.

Suppose that the distribution of the predictors is not expected to change in the future. Convert the traditionally trained SVM model to a binary classification linear model for incremental learning. Specify the standard SGD solver and an estimation period of 2000 observations (the default is 1000 when a learning rate is required).

IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(TTMdl,'Solver','sgd','EstimationPeriod',2000);

IncrementalMdl is an incrementalClassificationLinear model object. Because the predictor data of TTMdl is standardized (TTMdl.Mu and TTMdl.Sigma are nonempty), incrementalLearner prepares incremental learning functions to standardize supplied predictor data by using the previously learned moments (stored in IncrementalMdl.Mu and IncrementalMdl.Sigma).

Fit the incremental model to the second half of the data by using the fit function. At each iteration:

• Simulate a data stream by processing 10 observations at a time.

• Overwrite the previous incremental model with a new one fitted to the incoming observations.

• Store the initial learning rate and ${\beta }_1$ to see how the coefficients and rate evolve during training.

% Preallocation
nil = numel(Yil);
numObsPerChunk = 10;
nchunk = floor(nil/numObsPerChunk);
learnrate = [IncrementalMdl.LearnRate; zeros(nchunk,1)];
beta1 = [IncrementalMdl.Beta(1); zeros(nchunk,1)];

% Incremental fitting
for j = 1:nchunk
    ibegin = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1);
    iend   = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*j);
    idx = ibegin:iend;
    IncrementalMdl = fit(IncrementalMdl,Xil(idx,:),Yil(idx));
    beta1(j + 1) = IncrementalMdl.Beta(1);
    learnrate(j + 1) = IncrementalMdl.LearnRate;
end

IncrementalMdl is an incrementalClassificationLinear model object trained on all the data in the stream.

To see how the initial learning rate and ${\beta }_1$ evolve during training, plot them on separate tiles.

t = tiledlayout(2,1);
nexttile
plot(beta1)
ylabel('\beta_1')
xline(IncrementalMdl.EstimationPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.')
nexttile
plot(learnrate)
ylabel('Initial Learning Rate')
xline(IncrementalMdl.EstimationPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.')
xlabel(t,'Iteration')

The initial learning rate jumps from 0.7 to its autotuned value after the estimation period. During training, the software uses a learning rate that gradually decays from the initial value specified in the LearnRateSchedule property of IncrementalMdl.

Because fit does not fit the model to the streaming data during the estimation period, ${\beta }_1$ is constant for the first 200 iterations (2000 observations). Then, ${\beta }_1$ changes during incremental fitting.

Configure Performance Metric Options

Use a trained SVM model to initialize an incremental learner. Prepare the incremental learner by specifying a metrics warm-up period, during which the updateMetricsAndFit function only fits the model. Specify a metrics window size of 500 observations.

Load the human activity data set.

load humanactivity

For details on the data set, enter Description at the command line

Responses can be one of five classes: Sitting, Standing, Walking, Running, and Dancing. Dichotomize the response by identifying whether the subject is moving (actid > 2).

Y = actid > 2;

Because the data set is grouped by activity, shuffle it to reduce bias. Then, randomly split the data in half: the first half for training a model traditionally, and the second half for incremental learning.

n = numel(Y);

rng(1) % For reproducibility
cvp = cvpartition(n,'Holdout',0.5);
idxtt = training(cvp);
idxil = test(cvp);
shuffidx = randperm(n);
X = feat(shuffidx,:);
Y = Y(shuffidx);

% First half of data
Xtt = X(idxtt,:);
Ytt = Y(idxtt);

% Second half of data
Xil = X(idxil,:);
Yil = Y(idxil);

Fit an SVM model to the first half of the data.

TTMdl = fitcsvm(Xtt,Ytt);

Convert the traditionally trained SVM model to a binary classification linear model for incremental learning. Specify the following:

• A performance metrics warm-up period of 2000 observations

• A metrics window size of 500 observations

• Use of classification error and hinge loss to measure the performance of the model

IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(TTMdl,'MetricsWarmupPeriod',2000,'MetricsWindowSize',500,...
    'Metrics',["classiferror" "hinge"]);

Fit the incremental model to the second half of the data by using the updateMetricsAndFit function. At each iteration:

• Simulate a data stream by processing 20 observations at a time.

• Overwrite the previous incremental model with a new one fitted to the incoming observations.

• Store ${\beta }_1$, the cumulative metrics, and the window metrics to see how they evolve during incremental learning.

% Preallocation
nil = numel(Yil);
numObsPerChunk = 20;
nchunk = ceil(nil/numObsPerChunk);
ce = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]);
hinge = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]);
beta1 = [IncrementalMdl.Beta(1); zeros(nchunk,1)];

% Incremental fitting
for j = 1:nchunk
    ibegin = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1);
    iend   = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*j);
    idx = ibegin:iend;    
    IncrementalMdl = updateMetricsAndFit(IncrementalMdl,Xil(idx,:),Yil(idx));
    ce{j,:} = IncrementalMdl.Metrics{"ClassificationError",:};
    hinge{j,:} = IncrementalMdl.Metrics{"HingeLoss",:};
    beta1(j + 1) = IncrementalMdl.Beta(1);
end

IncrementalMdl is an incrementalClassificationLinear model object trained on all the data in the stream. During incremental learning and after the model is warmed up, updateMetricsAndFit checks the performance of the model on the incoming observations, and then fits the model to those observations.

To see how the performance metrics and ${\beta }_1$ evolve during training, plot them on separate tiles.

t = tiledlayout(3,1);
nexttile
plot(beta1)
ylabel('\beta_1')
xlim([0 nchunk]);
xline(IncrementalMdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.');
nexttile
h = plot(ce.Variables);
xlim([0 nchunk]);
ylabel('Classification Error')
xline(IncrementalMdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.');
legend(h,ce.Properties.VariableNames,'Location','northwest')
nexttile
h = plot(hinge.Variables);
xlim([0 nchunk]);
ylabel('Hinge Loss')
xline(IncrementalMdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.');
legend(h,hinge.Properties.VariableNames,'Location','northwest')
xlabel(t,'Iteration')

The plot suggests that updateMetricsAndFit does the following:

• Fit ${\beta }_1$ during all incremental learning iterations.

• Compute the performance metrics after the metrics warm-up period only.

• Compute the cumulative metrics during each iteration.

• Compute the window metrics after processing 500 observations (25 iterations).

Input Arguments

Mdl — Traditionally trained model or model template

ClassificationSVM model object | CompactClassificationSVM model object | SVM model template

Traditionally trained linear SVM model or SVM model template, specified as a model object returned by its training or processing function.

Model Object or Template Object	Training or Processing Function
ClassificationSVM model object	fitcsvm
CompactClassificationSVM model object	fitcsvm or compact
SVM model template object	templateSVM

Note

• Incremental learning functions support only numeric input predictor data. If Mdl was trained on categorical data, you must prepare an encoded version of the categorical data to use incremental learning functions. Use dummyvar to convert each categorical variable to a numeric matrix of dummy variables. Then, concatenate all dummy variable matrices and any other numeric predictors, in the same way that the training function encodes categorical data. For more details, see Dummy Variables.

• If Mdl is a SVM model template object, incrementalLearner determines whether to standardize the predictor variables based on the Standardize property of the model template object. For more information, see Standardize Data.

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: 'Solver','scale-invariant','MetricsWindowSize',100 specifies the adaptive scale-invariant solver for objective optimization, and specifies processing 100 observations before updating the window performance metrics.

General Options

Solver — Objective function minimization technique

'scale-invariant' (default) | 'sgd' | 'asgd'

Objective function minimization technique, specified as a value in this table.

Value	Description	Notes
'scale-invariant'	Adaptive scale-invariant solver for incremental learning [1]	This algorithm is parameter free and can adapt to differences in predictor scales. Try this algorithm before using SGD or ASGD. To shuffle an incoming chunk of data before the fit function fits the model, set Shuffle to true.
'sgd'	Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) [3][2]	To train effectively with SGD, standardize the data and specify adequate values for hyperparameters using options listed in SGD and ASGD Solver Options. The fit function always shuffles an incoming chunk of data before fitting the model.
'asgd'	Average stochastic gradient descent (ASGD) [4]	To train effectively with ASGD, standardize the data and specify adequate values for hyperparameters using options listed in SGD and ASGD Solver Options. The fit function always shuffles an incoming chunk of data before fitting the model.

The linear model for incremental learning (IncrementalMdl) does not support the solver used to train the traditionally trained linear SVM model Mdl or the solver specified in the SVM model template object Mdl. By default, the incrementalLearner function sets IncrementalMdl to use the adaptive scale-invariant solver ('scale-invariant').

Example: 'Solver','sgd'

Data Types: char | string

EstimationPeriod — Number of observations processed to estimate hyperparameters

nonnegative integer

Number of observations processed by the incremental model to estimate hyperparameters before training or tracking performance metrics, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'EstimationPeriod' and a nonnegative integer.

Note

• If Mdl is prepared for incremental learning (all hyperparameters required for training are specified), incrementalLearner forces EstimationPeriod to 0.

• If Mdl is not prepared for incremental learning, incrementalLearner sets EstimationPeriod to 1000.

For more details, see Estimation Period.

Example: 'EstimationPeriod',100

Data Types: single | double

SGD and ASGD Solver Options

BatchSize — Mini-batch size

10 (default) | positive integer

Mini-batch size, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'BatchSize' and a positive integer. At each learning cycle during training, incrementalLearner uses BatchSize observations to compute the subgradient.

The number of observations for the last mini-batch (last learning cycle in each function call of fit or updateMetricsAndFit) can be smaller than BatchSize. For example, if you supply 25 observations to fit or updateMetricsAndFit, the function uses 10 observations for the first two learning cycles and uses 5 observations for the last learning cycle.

Example: 'BatchSize',1

Data Types: single | double

Lambda — Ridge (L²) regularization term strength

1e-5 (default) | nonnegative scalar

Ridge (L²) regularization term strength, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Lambda' and a nonnegative scalar.

Example: 'Lambda',0.01

Data Types: single | double

LearnRate — Initial learning rate

'auto' (default) | positive scalar

Initial learning rate, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'LearnRate' and 'auto' or a positive scalar. LearnRate controls the optimization step size by scaling the objective subgradient.

The learning rate controls the optimization step size by scaling the objective subgradient. LearnRate specifies an initial value for the learning rate, and LearnRateSchedule determines the learning rate for subsequent learning cycles.

When you specify 'auto':

• The initial learning rate is 0.7.

• If EstimationPeriod > 0, fit and updateMetricsAndFit change the rate to 1/sqrt(1+max(sum(X.^2,obsDim))) at the end of EstimationPeriod. When the observations are the columns of the predictor data X collected during the estimation period, the obsDim value is 1; otherwise, the value is 2.

Example: 'LearnRate',0.001

Data Types: single | double | char | string

LearnRateSchedule — Learning rate schedule

'decaying' (default) | 'constant'

Learning rate schedule, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'LearnRateSchedule' and a value in this table, where LearnRate specifies the initial learning rate ɣ₀.

Value	Description
'constant'	The learning rate is ɣ0 for all learning cycles.
'decaying'	The learning rate at learning cycle t is $${\gamma }_t=\frac{{\gamma }_0}{{\left(1+\lambda {\gamma }_{0}t\right)}^c}.$$ λ is the value of Lambda. If Solver is 'sgd', then c = 1. If Solver is 'asgd', then c is 0.75 [4].

Example: 'LearnRateSchedule','constant'

Data Types: char | string

Adaptive Scale-Invariant Solver Options

Shuffle — Flag for shuffling observations in batch

true (default) | false

Flag for shuffling the observations in the batch at each iteration, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Shuffle' and a value in this table.

Value	Description
true	The software shuffles an incoming chunk of data before the fit function fits the model. This action reduces bias induced by the sampling scheme.
false	The software processes the data in the order received.

Example: 'Shuffle',false

Data Types: logical

Performance Metrics Options

Metrics — Model performance metrics to track during incremental learning

"classiferror" (default) | string vector | function handle | cell vector | structure array | "binodeviance" | "exponential" | "hinge" | "logit" | "quadratic"

Model performance metrics to track during incremental learning with the updateMetrics or updateMetricsAndFit function, specified as a built-in loss function name, string vector of names, function handle (@metricName), structure array of function handles, or cell vector of names, function handles, or structure arrays.

The following table lists the built-in loss function names. You can specify more than one by using a string vector.

Name	Description
"binodeviance"	Binomial deviance
"classiferror"	Classification error
"exponential"	Exponential loss
"hinge"	Hinge loss
"logit"	Logistic loss
"quadratic"	Quadratic loss

For more details on the built-in loss functions, see loss.

Example: 'Metrics',["classiferror" "hinge"]

To specify a custom function that returns a performance metric, use function handle notation. The function must have this form:

metric = customMetric(C,S)

• The output argument metric is an n-by-1 numeric vector, where each element is the loss of the corresponding observation in the data processed by the incremental learning functions during a learning cycle.

• You specify the function name (customMetric).

• C is an n-by-2 logical matrix with rows indicating the class to which the corresponding observation belongs. The column order corresponds to the class order in the model for incremental learning. Create C by setting C(p,q) = 1, if observation p is in class q, for each observation in the specified data. Set the other element in row p to 0.

• S is an n-by-2 numeric matrix of predicted classification scores. S is similar to the score output of predict, where rows correspond to observations in the data, and the column order corresponds to the class order in the model for incremental learning. S(p,q) is the classification score of observation p being classified in class q.

To specify multiple custom metrics and assign a custom name to each, use a structure array. To specify a combination of built-in and custom metrics, use a cell vector.

Example: 'Metrics',struct('Metric1',@customMetric1,'Metric2',@customMetric2)

Example: 'Metrics',{@customMetric1 @customMetric2 'logit' struct('Metric3',@customMetric3)}

updateMetrics and updateMetricsAndFit store specified metrics in a table in the property IncrementalMdl.Metrics. The data type of Metrics determines the row names of the table.

'Metrics' Value Data Type	Description of Metrics Property Row Name	Example
String or character vector	Name of corresponding built-in metric	Row name for "classiferror" is "ClassificationError"
Structure array	Field name	Row name for struct('Metric1',@customMetric1) is "Metric1"
Function handle to function stored in a program file	Name of function	Row name for @customMetric is "customMetric"
Anonymous function	CustomMetric_j, where j is metric j in Metrics	Row name for @(C,S)customMetric(C,S)... is CustomMetric_1

For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.

Data Types: char | string | struct | cell | function_handle

MetricsWarmupPeriod — Number of observations fit before tracking performance metrics

0 (default) | nonnegative integer

Number of observations the incremental model must be fit to before it tracks performance metrics in its Metrics property, specified as a nonnegative integer. The incremental model is warm after incremental fitting functions fit (EstimationPeriod + MetricsWarmupPeriod) observations to the incremental model.

For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.

Example: 'MetricsWarmupPeriod',50

Data Types: single | double

MetricsWindowSize — Number of observations to use to compute window performance metrics

200 (default) | positive integer

Number of observations to use to compute window performance metrics, specified as a positive integer.

For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.

Example: 'MetricsWindowSize',100

Data Types: single | double

Output Arguments

IncrementalMdl — Binary classification linear model for incremental learning

incrementalClassificationLinear model object

Binary classification linear model for incremental learning, returned as an incrementalClassificationLinear model object. IncrementalMdl is also configured to generate predictions given new data (see predict).

• If you specify a traditionally trained model object in Mdl, incrementalLearner passes the values of the Mdl properties to corresponding properties of IncrementalMdl to initialize IncrementalMdl for incremental learning.

  Property	Description
  Beta	Scaled linear model coefficients, Mdl.Beta/Mdl.KernelParameters.Scale, a numeric vector
  Bias	Model intercept, a numeric scalar
  ClassNames	Class labels for binary classification, two-element list
  Mu	Predictor variable means, a numeric vector
  NumPredictors	Number of predictors, a positive integer
  Prior	Prior class label distribution, a numeric vector
  Sigma	Predictor variable standard deviations, a numeric vector
  ScoreTransform	Score transformation function, a function name or function handle

  Note that incrementalLearner does not use the Cost property of the traditionally trained model in Mdl because incrementalClassificationLinear does not support this property.

More About

Incremental Learning

Incremental learning, or online learning, is a branch of machine learning concerned with processing incoming data from a data stream, possibly given little to no knowledge of the distribution of the predictor variables, aspects of the prediction or objective function (including tuning parameter values), or whether the observations are labeled. Incremental learning differs from traditional machine learning, where enough labeled data is available to fit to a model, perform cross-validation to tune hyperparameters, and infer the predictor distribution.

Given incoming observations, an incremental learning model processes data in any of the following ways, but usually in this order:

• Predict labels.

• Measure the predictive performance.

• Check for structural breaks or drift in the model.

• Fit the model to the incoming observations.

For more details, see Incremental Learning Overview.

Adaptive Scale-Invariant Solver for Incremental Learning

The adaptive scale-invariant solver for incremental learning, introduced in [1], is a gradient-descent-based objective solver for training linear predictive models. The solver is hyperparameter free, insensitive to differences in predictor variable scales, and does not require prior knowledge of the distribution of the predictor variables. These characteristics make it well suited to incremental learning.

The standard SGD and ASGD solvers are sensitive to differing scales among the predictor variables, resulting in models that can perform poorly. To achieve better accuracy using SGD and ASGD, you can standardize the predictor data, and tune the regularization and learning rate parameters. For traditional machine learning, enough data is available to enable hyperparameter tuning by cross-validation and predictor standardization. However, for incremental learning, enough data might not be available (for example, observations might be available only one at a time) and the distribution of the predictors might be unknown. These characteristics make parameter tuning and predictor standardization difficult or impossible to do during incremental learning.

The incremental fitting functions for classification fit and updateMetricsAndFit use the more aggressive ScInOL2 version of the algorithm.

Algorithms

Estimation Period

During the estimation period, the incremental fitting functions fit and updateMetricsAndFit use the first incoming EstimationPeriod observations to estimate (tune) hyperparameters required for incremental training. Estimation occurs only when EstimationPeriod is positive. This table describes the hyperparameters and when they are estimated, or tuned.

Hyperparameter	Model Property	Usage	Conditions
Predictor means and standard deviations	Mu and Sigma	Standardize predictor data	The hyperparameters are estimated when both of these conditions apply: Incremental fitting functions are configured to standardize predictor data (see Standardize Data). Mdl.Mu and Mdl.Sigma are empty arrays [].
Learning rate	LearnRate	Adjust the solver step size	The hyperparameter is estimated when both of these conditions apply: You change the solver of Mdl to SGD or ASGD (see Solver). You do not specify the 'LearnRate' name-value argument as a positive scalar.

During the estimation period, fit does not fit the model, and updateMetricsAndFit does not fit the model or update the performance metrics. At the end of the estimation period, the functions update the properties that store the hyperparameters.

Standardize Data

If incremental learning functions are configured to standardize predictor variables, they do so using the means and standard deviations stored in the Mu and Sigma properties of the incremental learning model IncrementalMdl.

• If you standardize the predictor data when you train the input model Mdl by using fitcsvm, the following conditions apply:

  • incrementalLearner passes the means in Mdl.Mu and standard deviations in Mdl.Sigma to the corresponding incremental learning model properties.

  • Incremental learning functions always standardize the predictor data.

• When you set Standardize=true by using the Standardize name-value argument of templateSVM, and the Mdl.Mu and Mdl.Sigma properties are empty, the following conditions apply:

  • If the estimation period is positive (see the EstimationPeriod property of IncrementalMdl), incremental fitting functions estimate the means and standard deviations using the estimation period observations.

  • If the estimation period is 0, incrementalLearner forces the estimation period to 1000. Consequently, incremental fitting functions estimate new predictor variable means and standard deviations during the forced estimation period.

• When incremental fitting functions estimate predictor means and standard deviations, the functions compute weighted means and weighted standard deviations using the estimation period observations. Specifically, the functions standardize predictor j (x_j) using

  $$x_j^{\ast }=\frac{x_j-{\mu }_j^{\ast }}{{\sigma }_j^{\ast }}.$$

  • x_j is predictor j, and x_jk is observation k of predictor j in the estimation period.

  • $${\mu }_j^{\ast }=\frac{1}{{\displaystyle \sum _k{w}_k^{\ast }}}{\displaystyle \sum _k{w}_k^{\ast }{x}_{jk}}.$$

  • $${\left({\sigma }_j^{\ast }\right)}^2=\frac{1}{{\displaystyle \sum _k{w}_k^{\ast }}}{\displaystyle \sum _k{w}_k^{\ast }{\left(x_{jk}-{\mu }_j^{\ast }\right)}^2}.$$

  • $$w_j^{\ast }=\frac{w_j}{{\displaystyle \sum _{\forall j\in \text{Class }k}{w}_j}}{p}_k,$$

    • p_k is the prior probability of class k (Prior property of the incremental model).

    • w_j is observation weight j.

Performance Metrics

• The updateMetrics and updateMetricsAndFit functions are incremental learning functions that track model performance metrics ('Metrics') from new data when the incremental model is warm (IsWarm property). An incremental model becomes warm after fit or updateMetricsAndFit fit the incremental model to 'MetricsWarmupPeriod' observations, which is the metrics warm-up period.

  If 'EstimationPeriod' > 0, the functions estimate hyperparameters before fitting the model to data. Therefore, the functions must process an additional EstimationPeriod observations before the model starts the metrics warm-up period.

• The Metrics property of the incremental model stores two forms of each performance metric as variables (columns) of a table, Cumulative and Window, with individual metrics in rows. When the incremental model is warm, updateMetrics and updateMetricsAndFit update the metrics at the following frequencies:

  • Cumulative — The functions compute cumulative metrics since the start of model performance tracking. The functions update metrics every time you call the functions and base the calculation on the entire supplied data set.

  • Window — The functions compute metrics based on all observations within a window determined by the 'MetricsWindowSize' name-value pair argument. 'MetricsWindowSize' also determines the frequency at which the software updates Window metrics. For example, if MetricsWindowSize is 20, the functions compute metrics based on the last 20 observations in the supplied data (X((end – 20 + 1):end,:) and Y((end – 20 + 1):end)).

    Incremental functions that track performance metrics within a window use the following process:

    1. Store a buffer of length MetricsWindowSize for each specified metric, and store a buffer of observation weights.

    2. Populate elements of the metrics buffer with the model performance based on batches of incoming observations, and store corresponding observation weights in the weights buffer.

    3. When the buffer is filled, overwrite IncrementalMdl.Metrics.Window with the weighted average performance in the metrics window. If the buffer is overfilled when the function processes a batch of observations, the latest incoming MetricsWindowSize observations enter the buffer, and the earliest observations are removed from the buffer. For example, suppose MetricsWindowSize is 20, the metrics buffer has 10 values from a previously processed batch, and 15 values are incoming. To compose the length 20 window, the functions use the measurements from the 15 incoming observations and the latest 5 measurements from the previous batch.

• The software omits an observation with a NaN score when computing the Cumulative and Window performance metric values.

References

[1] Kempka, Michał, Wojciech Kotłowski, and Manfred K. Warmuth. "Adaptive Scale-Invariant Online Algorithms for Learning Linear Models." Preprint, submitted February 10, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.07528.

[2] Langford, J., L. Li, and T. Zhang. “Sparse Online Learning Via Truncated Gradient.” J. Mach. Learn. Res., Vol. 10, 2009, pp. 777–801.

[3] Shalev-Shwartz, S., Y. Singer, and N. Srebro. “Pegasos: Primal Estimated Sub-Gradient Solver for SVM.” Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML ’07, 2007, pp. 807–814.

[4] Xu, Wei. “Towards Optimal One Pass Large Scale Learning with Averaged Stochastic Gradient Descent.” CoRR, abs/1107.2490, 2011.

Version History

Introduced in R2020b