Lambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ < 1 is rich, λ > 1 is lean. Engine management systems constantly target λ = 1 for optimal catalyst performance.
Given actual AFR and stoichiometric AFR (AFR_s), compute lambda.

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Last Solution submitted on May 26, 2026

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