Half-Bridge (Ideal, Switching)

Half-bridge with ideal switches and thermal port

Since R2021b

• 

Libraries:
Simscape / Electrical / Semiconductors & Converters

Description

The Half-Bridge (Ideal, Switching) block models a half-bridge with ideal switches and a thermal port. To choose the ideal switching device, set the Switching device parameter to either MOSFET, IGBT, or GTO.

You can specify an integral protection diode for each switching device. An integral diode protects the semiconductor device by providing a conduction path for a reverse current. An inductive load can produce a high reverse-voltage spike when the semiconductor device suddenly switches off the voltage supply to the load.

Note

The lastReverseRecoveryLoss variable in the simlog includes the reverse recovery losses as a pulse with amplitude equal to the energy loss. If you use a script to sum the total losses over a defined simulation period, you must sum the pulse values at each pulse rising edge. Alternatively, you can use the ee_getPowerLossSummary and ee_getPowerLossTimeSeries functions to extract conduction and switching losses from logged data.

Note that the power_dissipated variable in the simlog does not include switching losses as they are modeled as instantaneous events. The power_dissipated variable therefore just reports instantaneous on-state losses.

Equations

The protection diodes inside the half-bridge use the Lauritzen and Ma model to capture the charge dynamics effects. The defining equations are:

$i_{RM}=\frac{q_E-q_M}{T_M}$

(1)

$\frac{d{q}_M}{dt}+\frac{q_M}{\tau }-\frac{q_E-q_M}{T_M}=0$

(2)

where:

• i_RM is the diode peak reverse current.

• q_E is the junction charge.

• q_M is the total stored charge.

• T_M is the transit time.

• τ is the carrier lifetime.

The block solves equation 2 at t = 0 and q_M in steady-state:

$q_M=i_{RM}\tau -\tau \left(i_{RM}-i_F\right)\exp \left(-\frac{t}{\tau }\right)=\tau i_F.$

(3)

At t = 0 and qE = 0, equation 1 is equal to:

$i_{RM}=\frac{-q_M}{T_M}.$

(4)

The block then substitutes equation 3 into equation 4:

$i_{RM}=\frac{-\tau }{T_M}{i}_F,$

(5)

where i_F is the starting forward current when measuring i_RM.

Finally, the block calculates the reverse recovery energy, E_rec, as:

$$E_{rec}={\displaystyle {\int }_{t_1}^{t_2}{i}_d{v}_{d}dt}={\displaystyle {\int }_n^{t_2}{i}_{RM}exp\left(-\frac{t-t_1}{{\tau }_{rr}}\right)v_{R}dt},$$

(6)

where:

• i_d is the current through the diode.

• v_d is the voltage across the diode.

• τ_rr is the reverse recovery time.

Given t2=τrrln(10), the total reverse recovery energy is:

$$E_{rec}=-0.9{\tau }_{rr}\frac{\tau }{T_M}{i}_F{v}_R=-0.9\frac{{\tau }^2}{\tau +T_M}{i}_F{v}_R.$$

(7)

Predefined Parameterization

There are multiple available built-in parameterizations for the Half-Bridge (Ideal, Switching) block.

This pre-parameterization data allows you to set up the block to represent components by specific suppliers. The parameterizations of these half-bridges match the manufacturer data sheets. To load a predefined parameterization, double-click the Half-Bridge (Ideal, Switching) block, click the <click to select> hyperlink of the Selected part parameter and, in the Block Parameterization Manager window, select the part you want to use from the list of available components.

Note

The predefined parameterizations of Simscape™ components use available data sources for the parameter values. Engineering judgement and simplifying assumptions are used to fill in for missing data. As a result, expect deviations between simulated and actual physical behavior. To ensure accuracy, validate the simulated behavior against experimental data and refine component models as necessary.

For more information about pre-parameterization and for a list of the available components, see List of Pre-Parameterized Components.

Assumptions and Limitations

• The current change in the load is negligible. The inductance or the switching frequency are large enough so that the load current is constant between the switches.

• The stray inductance of the circuit is negligible.

Ports

Input

G — Gate terminals vector

physical signal

Physical signal conserving port associated with the gate terminals of the two switching devices, specified as a vector of two physical signals.

The first element of the vector controls the upper side switch. The second element of the vector controls the lower side switch. If, in the Diode settings, you set the Integral protection diode parameter to Yes, the first and second element of the vector also controls the lower and upper diode, respectively.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Gate-control port to PS.

Conserving

+ — Positive terminal

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the positive terminal.

- — Negative terminal

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the negative terminal.

O — Output node

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the output node.

G1 — Gate terminal 1

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the gate terminal for the first switching device.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Gate-control port to Electrical.

G2 — Gate terminal 2

electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the gate terminal for the second switching device.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Gate-control port to Electrical.

H — Thermal port

thermal

Thermal conserving port.

Parameters

Main

The visibility of the Main parameters depends on the Switching device and On-state behavior and losses parameters. To learn how to read this table, see Parameter Dependencies.

Main Parameter Dependencies

Parameters and Options
Gate-control port
Switching Device
MOSFET		IGBT		GTO
Threshold voltage, Vth		Threshold voltage, Vth		Gate trigger voltage, Vgt
				Gate turn-off voltage, Vgt_off
				Holding current
On-state behaviour and losses
Specify constant values	Tabulate with temperature and current	Specify constant values	Tabulate with temperature and current	Specify constant values	Tabulate with temperature and current
Drain-source on resistance, R_DS(on)	On-state voltage, Vds(Tj,Ids)	Forward voltage, Vf	On-state voltage, Vds(Tj,Ice)	Forward voltage, Vf	On-state voltage, Vak(Tj,Iak)
	Temperature vector, Tj	On-state resistance	Temperature vector, Tj	On-state resistance	Temperature vector, Tj
	Drain-source current vector, Ids		Collector-emitter current vector, Ice		Anode-cathode current vector, Iak
Off-state conductance

Gate control port — Gate control port

PS (default) | Electrical

Whether to use the physical signal input port, G, or the electrical conserving ports G1 and G2, as the gate control ports.

Switching device — Switching device option

MOSFET (default) | IGBT | GTO

Switching device to use for the half-bridge.

Threshold voltage, Vth — Threshold voltage

2 V | 6 V | positive scalar

Threshold voltage at which the device turns on. The default value depends on the Switching device setting.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Gate trigger voltage, Vgt — Gate trigger voltage

6 V (default) | positive scalar

Gate-cathode voltage threshold. The device turns on when the gate-cathode voltage is above this value.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Gate turn-off voltage, Vgt_off — Gate turn-off voltage

-1 V (default) | scalar

Gate-cathode voltage threshold. The device turns off when the gate-cathode voltage is below this value.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Holding current — Current threshold

1 A (default) | positive scalar

Current threshold. The device stays on when the current is above this value, even when the gate-cathode voltage falls below the gate trigger voltage.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

On-state behaviour and losses — On-state current for loss data

Specify constant values (default) | Tabulate with temperature and current

Parameterization method, specified as either:

• Specify constant values — Use scalar values to specify the output current, switch-on loss, and switch-off loss data.

• Tabulate with temperature and current — Use vectors to specify the output current, switch-on loss, switch-off loss, and temperature data.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Drain-source on resistance, R_DS(on) — Drain-source on resistance

0.01 Ohm (default)

Drain-source resistance when the device is on.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

On-state voltage, Vds(Tj,Ids) — On-state voltage

[0, 1.1, 1.3, 1.45, 1.75, 2.25, 2.7; 0, 1, 1.15, 1.35, 1.7, 2.35, 3] V (default) | vector of positive scalars

Voltage drop across the device when the device is in a triggered conductive state. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Drain-source current vector, Ids — Drain-source current vector

[ 0 10 50 100 200 400 600 ] A (default) | vector of positive scalars

Drain-source currents for which the on-state voltage is defined. The first element must be zero. Specify this parameter using a vector quantity.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Forward voltage, Vf — Forward voltage

0.8 V (default) | positive scalar

Minimum voltage required across the collector and emitter block ports for the gradient of the diode I-V characteristic to be 1/R_on, where R_on is the value of the On-state resistance parameter.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

On-state resistance — On-state collector-emitter resistance

0.001 Ohm (default) | positive scalar

Collector-emitter resistance when the device is on.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

On-state voltage, Vds(Tj,Ice) — On-state voltage

[0, .1, .6, .8, 1, 1.3, 1.6, 2, 2.4; 0, .1, .7, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.4, 2.8] V (default) | vector of positive scalars

Voltage drop across the device when the device is in a triggered conductive state. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Collector-emitter current vector, Ice — Collector-emitter current vector

[0, .1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, 100] A (default) | vector of positive scalars

Collector-emitter currents for the on-state voltage. The first element must be zero. Specify this parameter using a vector quantity.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

On-state voltage, Vak(Tj,Iak) — On-state voltage

[0, .1, .6, .8, 1, 1.3, 1.6, 2, 2.4; 0, .1, .7, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.4, 2.8] V (default) | vector of positive scalars

Voltage drop across the device when the device is in a triggered conductive state. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Anode-cathode current vector, Iak — Anode-cathode current vector

[0, .1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, 100] A (default) | vector of positive scalars

Anode-cathode currents for which the on-state voltage is defined. The first element must be zero.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Temperature vector, Tj — Temperature vector

[298.15, 398.15] K (default) | vector of positive scalars

Temperature values at which the on-state voltage is specified.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Off-state conductance — Off-state collector-emitter conductance

1e-6 1/Ohm (default) | positive scalar

Conductance when the device is off. The value must be less than 1/R, where R is the value of the On-state resistance parameter.

Dependencies

See the Main Parameter Dependencies table.

Losses

The visibility of the Losses parameters depends on the Switching device and On-state behavior and losses parameters in the Main tab. To learn how to read this table, see Parameter Dependencies.

Losses Parameter Dependencies

Parameters and Options
Switching Device
MOSFET		IGBT		GTO
On-state behaviour and losses
Specify constant values	Tabulate with temperature and current	Specify constant values	Tabulate with temperature and current	Specify constant values	Tabulate with temperature and current
Switch-on loss	Switch-on loss, Eon(Tj,Ids)	Switch-on loss	Switch-on loss, Eon(Tj,Ice)	Switch-on loss	Switch-on loss, Eon(Tj,Iak)
Switch-off loss	Switch-off loss, Eoff(Tj,Ids)	Switch-off loss	Switch-off loss, Eoff(Tj,Ice)	Forced commutation switch-off loss	Switch-off loss, Eoff(Tj,Iak)
Diode reverse recovery loss	Diode reverse recovery loss, Erec(Tj,Ids)	Diode reverse recovery loss	Diode reverse recovery loss, Erec(Tj,Ice)	Diode reverse recovery loss	Diode reverse recovery loss, Erec(Tj,Iak)
On-state current for loss data	Temperature vector for losses, Tj	On-state current for loss data	Temperature vector for losses, Tj	On-state current for loss data	Temperature vector for losses, Tj
	Drain-source current vector for losses, Ids		Collector-emitter current vector for losses, Ice	Natural commutation rectification loss	Anode-cathode current vector for losses, Iak
					Natural commutation rectification loss
Off-state voltage for loss data

Switch-on loss — Switch-on loss

0.02286 J (default) | positive scalar

Energy dissipated during a single switch-on event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Switch-off loss — Switch-off loss

0.01714 J (default) | positive scalar

Energy dissipated during a single switch-off event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Diode reverse recovery loss — Loss from diode-reverse recovery

5.70e-3 J (default) | positive scalar

Energy dissipated during a diode-reverse recovery event.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Off-state voltage for loss data — Off-state voltage

300 V (default) | positive scalar

Output voltage when the device is off. The loss data define the blocking voltage at this value.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

On-state current for loss data — Output current

600 A (default) | positive scalar

Output current for which the switch-on loss, switch-off loss, and on-state voltage are defined.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Switch-on loss, Eon(Tj,Ids) — Switch-on loss

[ 0 2.9e-4 0.00143 0.00286 0.00571 0.01314 0.02286; 0 5.7e-4 0.00263 0.00514 0.01029 0.02057 0.03029 ] J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a single switch-on event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Switch-off loss, Eoff(Tj,Ids) — Switch-off loss

[0, .21, 1.07, 2.14, 4.29, 9.86, 17.14; 0, .43, 1.97, 3.86, 7.71, 15.43, 22.71] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a single switch-off event. This parameter is defined as a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Diode reverse recovery loss, Erec(Tj,Ids) — Loss from diode-reverse recovery

[0, .0031, .021, .11, .21, .43, .99, 1.71, 3.078; 0, .0041, .043, .2, .39, .77, 1.54, 2.27, 4.08] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a diode-reverse recovery event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Drain-source current vector for losses, Ids — Drain-source current for switching losses

[ 0 10 50 100 200 400 600 ] A (default) | vector of positive scalars

Drain-source currents for which the losses are defined. The first element must be zero.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Switch-on loss, Eon(Tj,Ice) — Switch-on loss

[0, .0024, .024, .12, .2, .48, 1.04, 2.16, 3.24; 0, .003, .03, .15, .25, .6, 1.3, 2.7, 4.05] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a single switch-on event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Switch-off loss, Eoff(Tj,Ice) — Switch-off loss

[0, .0007, .0066, .033, .066, .17, .33, .83, 1.5; 0, .001, .01, .05, .1, .25, .5, 1.2, 2.2] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a single switch-off event. This parameter is a function of temperature and final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Diode reverse recovery loss, Erec(Tj,Ice) — Loss from diode-reverse recovery loss

[0, .0031, .021, .11, .21, .43, .99, 1.71, 3.078; 0, .0041, .043, .2, .39, .77, 1.54, 2.27, 4.08] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a diode-reverse recovery event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Collector-emitter current vector for losses, Ice — Collector-emitter current for losses

[0, .1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, 100] A (default) | vector of positive scalars

Collector-emitter currents for which the losses are defined. The first element must be zero.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Forced commutation switch-off loss — Forced commutation switch-off loss

17.14e-3 J (default) | positive scalar

Energy dissipated during a forced commutation switch-off event. This parameter is a function of temperature and final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Natural commutation rectification loss — Natural commutation rectification loss

10e-3 J (default) | positive scalar

Rectification loss applied when the block switches off because the current falls below the value of the Holding current parameter.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Switch-on loss, Eon(Tj,Iak) — Switch-on loss

[0, .0024, .024, .12, .2, .48, 1.04, 2.16, 3.24; 0, .003, .03, .15, .25, .6, 1.3, 2.7, 4.05] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a single switch-on event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Switch-off loss, Eoff(Tj,Iak) — Switch-off loss

[0, .0007, .0066, .033, .066, .17, .33, .83, 1.5; 0, .001, .01, .05, .1, .25, .5, 1.2, 2.2] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a single switch-off event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Diode reverse recovery loss, Erec(Tj,Iak) — Loss from diode-reverse recovery loss

[0, .0031, .021, .11, .21, .43, .99, 1.71, 3.078; 0, .0041, .043, .2, .39, .77, 1.54, 2.27, 4.08] * 1e-3 J (default) | vector of positive scalars

Energy dissipated during a diode-reverse recovery event. This parameter is a function of temperature and the final on-state output current.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Anode-cathode current vector for losses, Iak — Anode-cathode current for losses

[0, .1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, 100] A (default) | vector of positive scalars

Anode-cathode currents for which the losses are defined. The first element must be zero.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Temperature vector for losses, Tj — Temperature for losses

[298.15, 398.15] K (default) | vector of positive scalars

Temperature values at which the losses are specified. Specify this parameter using a vector quantity.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Temperature vector for losses, Tj — Temperature for losses

[298.15, 398.15] K (default) | vector of positive scalars

Temperature values at which the losses are specified. Specify this parameter using a vector quantity.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Off-state voltage for loss data — Off-state voltage for losses data

300 V (default) | positive scalar

Output voltage when the device is off. The loss data define the blocking voltage at this value.

Dependencies

See the Losses Parameter Dependencies table.

Integral Diode

Integral protection diode — Protection diode

No (default) | Yes

Whether to model the block integral protection diode.

Diode model — Diode model

Piecewise Linear (default) | Tabulated I-V curve

Diode model, specified as either:

• Piecewise Linear — Use a piecewise linear model for the diode, as described in Piecewise Linear Diode.

• Tabulated I-V curve — Use tabulated forward bias I-V data and fixed reverse bias off conductance.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes.

Forward voltage — Forward voltage

0.8 V (default) | positive scalar

Minimum voltage required across the + and - block ports for the gradient of the diode I-V characteristic to be 1/R_on, where R_on is the value of the On resistance parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes and Diode model to Piecewise linear.

On resistance — On resistance

0.001 Ohm (default) | positive scalar

Rate of change of the voltage versus the current above the value of the Forward voltage parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes and Diode model to Piecewise linear.

Off conductance — Off conductance

1e-5 1/Ohm (default)

Conductance of the reverse-biased diode.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes and Diode model to Piecewise linear.

Table type — Tabulated function

Table in If(Tj,Vf) form (default) | Table in Vf(Tj,If) form

Whether to tabulate the current as a function of temperature and voltage or the voltage as a function of temperature and current.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes and Diode model to Tabulated I-V curve.

Forward currents, If(Tj,Vf) — Forward currents

[.07, .12, .19, 1.75, 4.24, 7.32, 11.2; .16, .3, .72, 2.14, 4.02, 6.35, 9.12] A (default) | nonnegative vector

Forward currents. This parameter must be a vector of at least three nonnegative elements.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes, Diode model to Tabulated I-V curve, and Table type to Table in If(Tj,Vf) form.

Junction temperatures, Tj — Junction temperatures

[25, 125] degC (default) | vector of positive scalars

Vector of junction temperatures. This parameter must be a vector of at least two elements.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes, and Diode model to Tabulated I-V curve.

Forward voltages, Vf — Forward voltages

[.5, .7, .9, 1.3, 1.7, 2.1, 2.5] V (default) | nonnegative vector

Vector of forward voltages. This parameter must be a vector of at least three nonnegative values.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes, Diode model to Tabulated I-V curve, and Table type to Table in If(Tj,Vf) form.

Forward voltages, Vf(Tj,If) — Forward voltages

[.9, 1.15, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.17, 2.6, 2.85; .58, .68, .75, 1.1, 1.38, 1.77, 2.27, 2.7] V (default) | nonnegative vector

Forward voltages. This parameter must be a vector of at least three nonnegative elements.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes, Diode model to Tabulated I-V curve, and Table type to Table in Vf(Tj,If) form.

Forward currents, If — Forward currents

[.1, .2, .5, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10] A (default) | nonnegative vector

Vector of forward currents. This parameter must be a vector of at least three nonnegative values.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Integral protection diode to Yes, Diode model to Tabulated I-V curve, and Table type to Table in Vf(Tj,If) form.

Thermal Port

Use the thermal port to simulate the effects of generated heat and device temperature. For more information about using thermal ports and the Thermal Port parameters, see Simulating Thermal Effects in Semiconductors.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2021b