sensorsig

Simulate received signal at sensor array

Syntax

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang)

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov)

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov,scov)

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov,scov,'Taper',taper)

[x,rt] = sensorsig(___)

[x,rt,r] = sensorsig(___)

Description

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang) simulates the received narrowband plane wave signals at a sensor array. pos represents the positions of the array elements, each of which is assumed to be isotropic. ns indicates the number of snapshots of the simulated signal. ang represents the incoming directions of each plane wave signal. The plane wave signals are assumed to be constant-modulus signals with random phases.

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov) describes the noise across all sensor elements. ncov specifies the noise power or covariance matrix. The noise is a Gaussian distributed signal.

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov,scov) specifies the power or covariance matrix for the incoming signals.

x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov,scov,'Taper',taper) specifies the array taper as a comma-separated pair consisting of 'Taper' and a scalar or column vector.

[x,rt] = sensorsig(___) also returns the theoretical covariance matrix of the received signal, using any of the input arguments in the previous syntaxes.

[x,rt,r] = sensorsig(___) also returns the sample covariance matrix of the received signal.

Examples

Received Signal and Direction-of-Arrival Estimation

Simulate the received signal at an array, and use the data to estimate the arrival directions.

Create an 8-element uniform linear array whose elements are spaced half a wavelength apart.

fc = 3e8;
c = 3e8;
lambda = c/fc;
array = phased.ULA(8,lambda/2);

Simulate 100 snapshots of the received signal at the array. Assume there are two signals, coming from azimuth 30° and 60°, respectively. The noise is white across all array elements, and the SNR is 10 dB.

x = sensorsig(getElementPosition(array)/lambda,...
   100,[30 60],db2pow(-10));

Use a beamscan spatial spectrum estimator to estimate the arrival directions, based on the simulated data.

estimator = phased.BeamscanEstimator('SensorArray',array,...
   'PropagationSpeed',c,'OperatingFrequency',fc,...
   'DOAOutputPort',true,'NumSignals',2);
[~,ang_est] = estimator(x);

Plot the spatial spectrum resulting from the estimation process.

plotSpectrum(estimator)

The plot shows peaks at 30° and 60°.

Signals With Different Power Levels

Simulate receiving two uncorrelated incoming signals that have different power levels. A vector named scov stores the power levels.

Create an 8-element uniform linear array whose elements are spaced half a wavelength apart.

fc = 3e8;
c = 3e8;
lambda = c/fc;
ha = phased.ULA(8,lambda/2);

Simulate 100 snapshots of the received signal at the array. Assume that one incoming signal originates from 30 degrees azimuth and has a power of 3 W. A second incoming signal originates from 60 degrees azimuth and has a power of 1 W. The two signals are not correlated with each other. The noise is white across all array elements, and the SNR is 10 dB.

ang = [30 60];
scov = [3 1];
x = sensorsig(getElementPosition(ha)/lambda,...
   100,ang,db2pow(-10),scov);

Use a beamscan spatial spectrum estimator to estimate the arrival directions, based on the simulated data.

hdoa = phased.BeamscanEstimator('SensorArray',ha,...
   'PropagationSpeed',c,'OperatingFrequency',fc,...
   'DOAOutputPort',true,'NumSignals',2);
[~,ang_est] = step(hdoa,x);

Plot the spatial spectrum resulting from the estimation process.

plotSpectrum(hdoa);

The plot shows a high peak at 30 degrees and a lower peak at 60 degrees.

Reception of Correlated Signals

Simulate the reception of three signals, two of which are correlated.

Create a signal covariance matrix in which the first and third of three signals are correlated with each other.

scov = [1 0 0.6;...
        0 2 0;...
        0.6 0 1];

Simulate receiving 100 snapshots of three incoming signals from 30°, 40°, and 60° azimuth, respectively. The array that receives the signals is an 8-element uniform linear array whose elements are spaced one-half wavelength apart. The noise is white across all array elements, and the SNR is 10 dB.

pos = (0:7)*0.5;
ns = 100;
ang = [30 40 60];
ncov = db2pow(-10);
x = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov,scov);

Theoretical and Empirical Covariance of Received Signal

Simulate receiving a signal at a URA. Compare the signal theoretical covariance with its sample covariance.

Create a 2-by-2 uniform rectangular array having elements spaced 1/4-wavelength apart.

pos = 0.25 * [0 0 0 0; -1 1 -1 1; -1 -1 1 1];

Define the noise power independently for each of the four array elements. Each entry in ncov is the noise power of an array element. This element position is the corresponding column in pos. Assume the noise is uncorrelated across elements.

ncov = db2pow([-9 -10 -10 -11]);

Simulate 100 snapshots of the received signal at the array, and store the theoretical and empirical covariance matrices. Assume that one incoming signal originates from 30° azimuth and 10° elevation. A second incoming signal originates from 50° azimuth and 0° elevation. The signals have a power of 1 W and are uncorrelated.

ns = 100;
ang1 = [30; 10];
ang2 = [50; 0];
ang = [ang1, ang2];
rng default
[x,rt,r] = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov);

View the magnitudes of the theoretical covariance and sample covariance.

abs(rt)

ans = 4×4

    2.1259    1.8181    1.9261    1.9754
    1.8181    2.1000    1.5263    1.9261
    1.9261    1.5263    2.1000    1.8181
    1.9754    1.9261    1.8181    2.0794

abs(r)

ans = 4×4

    2.2107    1.7961    2.0205    1.9813
    1.7961    1.9858    1.5163    1.8384
    2.0205    1.5163    2.1762    1.8072
    1.9813    1.8384    1.8072    2.0000

Correlation of Noise Between Sensors

Simulate receiving a signal at a ULA, where the noise between different sensors is correlated.

Create a 4-element uniform linear array whose elements are spaced one-half wavelength apart.

pos = 0.5 * (0:3);

Define the noise covariance matrix. The value in the ( k,_j_) position in the ncov matrix is the covariance between the k and j array elements listed in array.

ncov = 0.1 * [1 0.1 0 0; 0.1 1 0.1 0; 0 0.1 1 0.1; 0 0 0.1 1];

Simulate 100 snapshots of the received signal at the array. Assume that one incoming signal originates from 60° azimuth.

ns = 100;
ang = 60;
[x,rt,r] = sensorsig(pos,ns,ang,ncov);

View the theoretical and sample covariance matrices for the received signal.

rt,r

rt = 4×4 complex

   1.1000 + 0.0000i  -0.9027 - 0.4086i   0.6661 + 0.7458i  -0.3033 - 0.9529i
  -0.9027 + 0.4086i   1.1000 + 0.0000i  -0.9027 - 0.4086i   0.6661 + 0.7458i
   0.6661 - 0.7458i  -0.9027 + 0.4086i   1.1000 + 0.0000i  -0.9027 - 0.4086i
  -0.3033 + 0.9529i   0.6661 - 0.7458i  -0.9027 + 0.4086i   1.1000 + 0.0000i

r = 4×4 complex

   1.1059 + 0.0000i  -0.8681 - 0.4116i   0.6550 + 0.7017i  -0.3151 - 0.9363i
  -0.8681 + 0.4116i   1.0037 + 0.0000i  -0.8458 - 0.3456i   0.6578 + 0.6750i
   0.6550 - 0.7017i  -0.8458 + 0.3456i   1.0260 + 0.0000i  -0.8775 - 0.3753i
  -0.3151 + 0.9363i   0.6578 - 0.6750i  -0.8775 + 0.3753i   1.0606 + 0.0000i

Input Arguments

pos — Positions of elements in sensor array

1-by-N vector | 2-by-N matrix | 3-by-N matrix

Positions of elements in sensor array, specified as an N-column vector or matrix. The values in the matrix are in units of signal wavelength. For example, [0 1 2] describes three elements that are spaced one signal wavelength apart. N is the number of elements in the array.

Dimensions of pos:

• For a linear array along the y axis, specify the y coordinates of the elements in a 1-by-N vector.

• For a planar array in the yz plane, specify the y and z coordinates of the elements in columns of a 2-by-N matrix.

• For an array of arbitrary shape, specify the x, y, and z coordinates of the elements in columns of a 3-by-N matrix.

Data Types: double

ns — Number of snapshots of simulated signal

positive integer scalar

Number of snapshots of simulated signal, specified as a positive integer scalar. The function returns this number of samples per array element.

Data Types: double

ang — Directions of incoming plane wave signals

1-by-M vector | 2-by-M matrix

Directions of incoming plane wave signals, specified as an M-column vector or matrix in degrees. M is the number of incoming signals.

Dimensions of ang:

• If ang is a 2-by-M matrix, each column specifies a direction. Each column is in the form [azimuth; elevation]. The azimuth angle must be between –180 and 180 degrees, inclusive. The elevation angle must be between –90 and 90 degrees, inclusive.

• If ang is a 1-by-M vector, each entry specifies an azimuth angle. In this case, the corresponding elevation angle is assumed to be 0.

Data Types: double

ncov — Noise characteristics

0 (default) | nonnegative scalar | 1-by-N vector of positive numbers | N-by-N positive definite matrix

Noise characteristics, specified as a nonnegative scalar, 1-by-N vector of positive numbers, or N-by-N positive definite matrix.

Dimensions of ncov:

• If ncov is a scalar, it represents the noise power of the white noise across all receiving sensor elements, in watts. In particular, a value of 0 indicates that there is no noise.

• If ncov is a 1-by-N vector, each entry represents the noise power of one of the sensor elements, in watts. The noise is uncorrelated across sensors.

• If ncov is an N-by-N matrix, it represents the covariance matrix for the noise across all sensor elements.

Data Types: double

scov — Incoming signal characteristics

1 (default) | positive scalar | 1-by-M vector of positive numbers | M-by-M positive semidefinite matrix

Incoming signal characteristics, specified as a positive scalar, 1-by-M vector of positive numbers, or M-by-M positive semidefinite matrix.

Dimensions of scov:

• If scov is a scalar, it represents the power of all incoming signals, in watts. In this case, all incoming signals are uncorrelated and share the same power level.

• If scov is a 1-by-M vector, each entry represents the power of one of the incoming signals, in watts. In this case, all incoming signals are uncorrelated with each other.

• If scov is an M-by-M matrix, it represents the covariance matrix for all incoming signals. The matrix describes the correlation among the incoming signals. In this case, scov can be real or complex.

Data Types: double

taper — Array element taper

1 (default) | scalar | N-by-1 column vector

Array element taper, specified as a scalar or complex-valued N-by-1 column vector. The dimension N is the number of array elements. If taper is a scalar, all elements in the array use the same value. If taper is a vector, each entry specifies the taper applied to the corresponding array element.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Output Arguments

x — Received signal

complex ns-by-N matrix

Received signal at sensor array, returned as a complex ns-by-N matrix. Each column represents the received signal at the corresponding element of the array. Each row represents a snapshot.

rt — Theoretical covariance matrix

complex N-by-N matrix

Theoretical covariance matrix of the received signal, returned as a complex N-by-N matrix.

r — Sample covariance matrix

complex N-by-N matrix

Sample covariance matrix of the received signal, returned as a complex N-by-N matrix. N is the number of array elements. The function derives this matrix from x.

Note

If you specify this output argument, consider making ns greater than or equal to N. Otherwise, r is rank deficient.

More About

Azimuth Angle, Elevation Angle

The azimuth angle of a vector is the angle between the x-axis and the orthogonal projection of the vector onto the xy plane. The angle is positive in going from the x axis toward the y axis. Azimuth angles lie between –180 and 180 degrees. The elevation angle is the angle between the vector and its orthogonal projection onto the xy-plane. The angle is positive when going toward the positive z-axis from the xy plane. By default, the boresight direction of an element or array is aligned with the positive x-axis. The boresight direction is the direction of the main lobe of an element or array.

Note

The elevation angle is sometimes defined in the literature as the angle a vector makes with the positive z-axis. The MATLAB^® and Phased Array System Toolbox™ products do not use this definition.

This figure illustrates the azimuth angle and elevation angle for a vector shown as a green solid line.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

Does not support variable-size inputs.

Version History

Introduced in R2012b