phased.Radiator

Narrowband signal radiator

Description

The phased.Radiator System object™ implements a narrowband signal radiator. A radiator converts signals into radiated wavefields transmitted from arrays and individual sensor elements such as antennas, microphone elements, and sonar transducers. The radiator output represents the fields at a reference distance of one meter from the phase center of the element or array. You can then propagate the signals to the far field using, for example, the phased.FreeSpace, phased.LOSChannel, or twoRayChannel (Radar Toolbox) System objects.

The object radiates fields in one of two ways controlled by the CombineRadiatedSignals property.

• If the CombineRadiatedSignals is set to true, the radiated field in a specified directions is the coherent sum of the delayed radiated fields from all elements (or subarrays when subarrays are supported). The object uses the phase-shift approximation of time delays for narrowband signals.

• If the CombineRadiatedSignals is set to false, each element can radiate in an independent direction.

You can use this object to

• model electromagnetic radiated signals as polarized or non-polarized fields depending upon whether the element or array supports polarization and the value of the Polarization property. Using polarization, you can transmit a signal as a polarized electromagnetic field, or transmit two independent signals using dual polarizations.

• model acoustic radiated fields by using nonpolarized microphone and sonar transducer array elements and by setting the Polarization to 'None'. You must also set the PropagationSpeed to a value appropriate for the medium.

• radiate fields from subarrays created by the phased.ReplicatedSubarray and phased.PartitionedArray objects. You can steer all subarrays in the same direction using the steering angle argument, STEERANG, or steer each subarray in a different direction using the Subarray element weights argument, WS. The radiator distributes the signal powers equally among the elements of each subarray. You cannot set the CombineRadiatedSignals property to false for subarrays.

To radiate signals:

1. Create the phased.Radiator object and set its properties.

2. Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.

To learn more about how System objects work, see What Are System Objects?

Creation

Syntax

radiator = phased.Radiator

radiator = phased.Radiator(Name,Value)

Description

radiator = phased.Radiator creates a narrowband signal radiator object, radiator, with default property values.

radiator = phased.Radiator(Name,Value) creates a narrowband signal radiator with each property Name set to a specified Value. You can specify additional name-value pair arguments in any order as (Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN). Enclose each property name in single quotes.

Example: radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',phased.URA,'OperatingFrequency',300e6) sets the sensor array to a uniform rectangular array (URA) with default URA property values. The beamformer has an operating frequency of 300 MHz.

Properties

Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the release function unlocks them.

If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.

For more information on changing property values, see System Design in MATLAB Using System Objects.

Sensor — Sensor element or sensor array

phased.ULA array with default property values (default) | Phased Array System Toolbox™ sensor or array

Sensor element or sensor array, specified as a System object belonging to Phased Array System Toolbox. A sensor array can contain subarrays.

Example: phased.URA

PropagationSpeed — Signal propagation speed

physconst('LightSpeed') (default) | positive scalar

Signal propagation speed, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in meters per second. The default propagation speed is the value returned by physconst('LightSpeed'). See physconst for more information.

Example: 3e8

Data Types: double

OperatingFrequency — Operating frequency

300e6 (default) | positive scalar

Operating frequency, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in Hz.

Example: 1e9

Data Types: double

CombineRadiatedSignals — Combine radiated signals

true (default) | false

Combine radiated signals, specified as true or false. This property enables the coherent summation of the radiated signals from all elements of an array to produce plane waves. Set this property to false to obtain individual radiated signal for each radiating element.

• If the CombineRadiatedSignals is set to true, the radiated field in a specified directions is the coherent sum of the delayed radiated fields from all elements (or subarrays when subarrays are supported). The object uses the phase-shift approximation of time delays for narrowband signals.

• If the CombineRadiatedSignals is set to false, each element can radiate in an independent direction. If the Sensor property is an array that contains subarrays, you cannot set the CombineRadiatedSignals property to 'false.

Data Types: logical

SensorGainMeasure — Specify sensor gain

'dB' (default) | 'dBi'

Sensor gain measure, specified as 'dB' or 'dBi'.

• When you set this property to 'dB', the input signal power is scaled by the sensor power pattern (in dB) at the corresponding direction and then combined.

• When you set this property to 'dBi', the input signal power is scaled by the directivity pattern (in dBi) at the corresponding direction and then combined. This option is useful when you want to compare results with the values computed by the radar equation that uses dBi to specify the antenna gain. The computation using the 'dBi' option is expensive as it requires an integration over all directions to compute the total radiated power of the sensor.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the CombineRadiatedSignals property to true.

Data Types: char

Polarization — Polarization configuration

'None' (default) | 'Combined' | 'Dual'

Polarization configuration, specified as 'None', 'Combined', or 'Dual'. When you set this property to 'None', the output field is considered a scalar field. When you set this property to 'Combined', the radiated fields are polarized and are interpreted as a single signal in the sensor's inherent polarization. When you set this property to 'Dual', the H and V polarization components of the radiated field are independent signals.

Example: 'Dual'

Data Types: char

WeightsInputPort — Enable weights input

false (default) | true

Enable weights input, specified as false or true. When true, use the object input argument W to specify weights. Weights are applied to individual array elements (or at the subarray level when subarrays are supported).

Data Types: logical

Usage

Syntax

Y = radiator(X,ANG)

Y = radiator(X,ANG,LAXES)

Y = radiator(XH,XV,ANG,LAXES)

Y = radiator(___,W)

Y = radiator(___,STEERANG)

Y = radiator(___,WS)

Y = radiator(X,ANG,LAXES,W,STEERANG)

Description

Y = radiator(X,ANG) radiates the fields, Y, derived from signals, X in the directions specified by ANG.

Y = radiator(X,ANG,LAXES) also specifies LAXES as the local coordinate system axes directions. To use this syntax, set the Polarization property to 'Combined'.

Y = radiator(XH,XV,ANG,LAXES) specifies a horizontal-polarization port signal, XH, and a vertical-polarization port signal, XV. To use this syntax, set the Polarization property to 'Dual'.

Y = radiator(___,W) also specifies W as element or subarray weights. To use this syntax, set the WeightsInputPort property to true.

Y = radiator(___,STEERANG) also specifies STEERANG as the subarray steering angle. To use this syntax, set the Sensor property to an array that supports subarrays and set the SubarraySteering property of that array to either 'Phase' or 'Time'.

Y = radiator(___,WS) also specifies WS as weights applied to each element within each subarray. To use this syntax, set the Sensor property to an array that supports subarrays and set the SubarraySteering property of the array to 'Custom'.

You can combine optional input arguments when their enabling properties are set, for example, Y = radiator(X,ANG,LAXES,W,STEERANG) combines several input arguments. Optional inputs must be listed in the same order as the order of the enabling properties.

Input Arguments

X — Signal to radiate

complex-valued M-by-1 vector | complex-valued M-by-N matrix

Signal to radiate, specified as a complex-valued M-by-1 vector or complex-valued M-by-N matrix. M is the length of the signal, and N is the number of array elements (or subarrays when subarrays are supported).

Dimensions of X

Dimension	Signal
M-by-1 vector	The same signal is radiated from all array elements (or all subarrays when subarrays are supported).
M-by-N matrix	Each column corresponds to the signal radiated by the corresponding array element (or corresponding subarrays when subarrays are supported).

The size of the first dimension of the input matrix can vary to simulate a changing signal length. A size change can occur, for example, in the case of a pulse waveform with variable pulse repetition frequency.

Dependencies

To enable this argument, set the Polarization property to 'None' or 'Combined'.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

ANG — Radiating directions of signals

real-valued 2-by-L matrix

Radiating directions of signals, specified as a real-valued 2-by-L matrix. Each column specifies a radiating direction in the form [AzimuthAngle;ElevationAngle]. The azimuth angle must lie between –180° and 180°, inclusive. The elevation angle must lie between –90° and 90°, inclusive. When the CombineRadiatedSignals property is false, the number of angles must equal the number of array elements, N. Units are in degrees.

Example: [30,20;45,0]

Data Types: double

LAXES — Local coordinate system

real-valued 3-by-3 orthogonal matrix

Local coordinate system, specified as a real-valued 3-by-3 orthogonal matrix. The matrix columns specify the local coordinate system's orthonormal x, y, and z axes with respect to the global coordinate system.

Example: rotx(30)

Dependencies

To enable this argument, set the Polarization property to 'Combined' or 'Dual'.

Data Types: double

XH — H-polarization port signal to radiate

complex-valued M-by-1 vector | complex-valued M-by-N matrix

H-polarization port signal to radiate, specified as a complex-valued M-by-1 vector or complex-valued M-by-N matrix. M is the length of the signal, and N is the number of array elements (or subarrays when subarrays are supported).

Dimensions of XH

Dimension	Signal
M-by-1 vector	The same signal is radiated from all array elements (or all subarrays when subarrays are supported).
M-by-N matrix	Each column corresponds to the signal radiated by the corresponding array element (or corresponding subarrays when subarrays are supported).

The dimensions and sizes of XH and XV must be the same.

The size of the first dimension of the input matrix can vary to simulate a changing signal length. A size change can occur, for example, in the case of a pulse waveform with variable pulse repetition frequency.

Dependencies

To enable this argument, set the Polarization property to 'Dual'.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

XV — V-polarization port signal to radiate

complex-valued M-by-1 vector | complex-valued M-by-N matrix

V-polarization port signal to radiate, specified as a complex-valued M-by-1 vector or complex-valued M-by-N matrix. M is the length of the signal, and N is the number of array elements (or subarrays when subarrays are supported).

Dimensions of XV

Dimension	Signal
M-by-1 vector	The same signal is radiated from all array elements (or all subarrays when subarrays are supported).
M-by-N matrix	Each column corresponds to the signal radiated by the corresponding array element (or corresponding subarrays when subarrays are supported).

The dimensions and sizes of XH and XV must be the same.

The size of the first dimension of the input matrix can vary to simulate a changing signal length. A size change can occur, for example, in the case of a pulse waveform with variable pulse repetition frequency.

Dependencies

To enable this argument, set the Polarization property to 'Dual'.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

W — Element or subarray weights

N-by-1 column vector

Element or subarray weights, specified as a complex-valued N-by-1 column vector where N is the number of array elements (or subarrays when the array supports subarrays).

Dependencies

To enable this argument, set the WeightsInputPort property to true.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

WS — Subarray element weights

complex-valued N_SE-by-N matrix | 1-by-N cell array

Subarray element weights, specified as complex-valued N_SE-by-N matrix or 1-by-N cell array where N is the number of subarrays. These weights are applied to the individual elements within a subarray.

Subarray element weights

Sensor Array	Subarray weights
phased.ReplicatedSubarray	All subarrays have the same dimensions and sizes. Then, the subarray weights form an NSE-by-N matrix. NSE is the number of elements in each subarray and N is the number of subarrays. Each column of WS specifies the weights for the corresponding subarray.
phased.PartitionedArray	Subarrays may not have the same dimensions and sizes. In this case, you can specify subarray weights as an NSE-by-N matrix, where NSE is now the number of elements in the largest subarray. The first Q entries in each column are the element weights for the subarray where Q is the number of elements in the subarray. a 1-by-N cell array. Each cell contains a column vector of weights for the corresponding subarray. The column vectors have lengths equal to the number of elements in the corresponding subarray.

Dependencies

To enable this argument, set the Sensor property to an array that contains subarrays and set the SubarraySteering property of the array to 'Custom'.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

STEERANG — Subarray steering angle

real-valued 2-by-1 vector

Subarray steering angle, specified as a length-2 column vector. The vector has the form [azimuthAngle;elevationAngle]. The azimuth angle must be between –180° and 180°, inclusive. The elevation angle must be between –90° and 90°, inclusive. Units are in degrees.

Example: [20;15]

Dependencies

To enable this argument, set the Sensor property to an array that supports subarrays and set the SubarraySteering property of that array to either 'Phase' or 'Time'

Data Types: double

Output Arguments

Y — Radiated signals

complex-valued M-by-L matrix | complex-valued 1-by-L cell array of structures

Radiated signals, specified as a complex-valued M-by-L matrix or a 1-by-L cell array, where L is the number of radiating angles, ANG. M is the length of the input signal, X.

• If the Polarization property value is set to 'None', the output argument Y is an M-by-L matrix.

• If the Polarization property value is set to 'Combined' or 'Dual', Y is a 1-by-L cell array of structures. Each cell corresponds to a separate radiating signal. Each struct contains three column vectors containing the X, Y, and Z components of the polarized fields defined with respect to the global coordinate system.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Object Functions

To use an object function, specify the System object as the first input argument. For example, to release system resources of a System object named obj, use this syntax:

release(obj)

Common to All System Objects

step	Run System object algorithm
release	Release resources and allow changes to System object property values and input characteristics
reset	Reset internal states of System object

Examples

Radiation from 5-Element ULA

Propagate and combine radiation from five isotropic antenna elements. Set up a uniform line array of five isotropic antennas.

First construct a ULA array.

array = phased.ULA('NumElements',5);

Construct a radiator object.

radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',array,...
    'OperatingFrequency',300e6,'CombineRadiatedSignals',true);

Create a simple signal to radiate.

x = [1;-1;1;-1;1;-1];

Specify the azimuth and elevation of the radiating direction.

radiatingAngle = [30;10];

Radiate the signal.

y = radiator(x,radiatingAngle)

y = 6×1 complex

  -0.9523 - 0.0000i
   0.9523 + 0.0000i
  -0.9523 - 0.0000i
   0.9523 + 0.0000i
  -0.9523 - 0.0000i
   0.9523 + 0.0000i

Radiation from 5-Element ULA of Polarized Antennas

Propagate and combine the radiation from five short-dipole antenna elements.

Set up a uniform line array of five short-dipole antennas with polarization enabled. Then, construct the radiator object.

antenna = phased.ShortDipoleAntennaElement;
array = phased.ULA('Element',antenna,'NumElements',5);
radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',array,'OperatingFrequency',300e6,...
    'CombineRadiatedSignals',true,'Polarization','Combined');

Rotate the local coordinate system from the global coordinates by 10° around the x-axis. Demonstrate that the output represents a polarized field.

Specify a simple signal to radiate and specify the radiating direction in azimuth and elevation. Radiate the fields in two directions.

x = [1;-1;1;-1;1;-1];
radiatingAngles = [30 30; 0 20];
y = radiator(x,radiatingAngles,rotx(10))

y=1×2 struct array with fields:
    X
    Y
    Z

Show the y-component of the polarized field radiating in the first direction.

disp(y(1).Y)

  -0.2131 + 0.0000i
   0.2131 - 0.0000i
  -0.2131 + 0.0000i
   0.2131 - 0.0000i
  -0.2131 + 0.0000i
   0.2131 - 0.0000i

Radiate Signal from Isotropic Antenna

Radiate a signal from a single isotropic antenna.

antenna = phased.IsotropicAntennaElement;
radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',antenna,'OperatingFrequency',300e6);
sig = [1;1];
radiatingAngles = [30 10]';
y = radiator(sig,radiatingAngles);

Radiate a far-field signal in two directions from a 5-element array.

array = phased.ULA('NumElements',5);
radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',array,'OperatingFrequency',300e6);
sig = [1;1];
radiatingAngles = [30 10; 20 0]';
y = radiator(sig,radiatingAngles);

Radiate signals from a 3-element antenna array. Each antenna radiates a separate signal in a separate direction.

array = phased.ULA('NumElements',3);
radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',array,'OperatingFrequency',1e9,...
    'CombineRadiatedSignals',false);
sig = [1 2 3; 2 8 -1];
radiatingAngles = [10 0; 20 5; 45 2]';
y = radiator(sig,radiatingAngles)

y = 2×3

     1     2     3
     2     8    -1

Measure Target Scattering Matrix Using Dual Polarization

Use a dual-polarization system to obtain target scattering information. Simulate a transmitter and receiver where the vertical and horizontal components are transmitted successively using the input ports of the transmitter. The signals from the two polarization output ports of the receiver are then used to determine the target scattering matrix.

scmat = [0 1i; 1i 2];
radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor', ...
    phased.CustomAntennaElement('SpecifyPolarizationPattern',true), ...
    'Polarization','Dual');
target = phased.RadarTarget('EnablePolarization',true,'ScatteringMatrix', ...
    scmat);
collector = phased.Collector('Sensor', ...
    phased.CustomAntennaElement('SpecifyPolarizationPattern',true), ...
    'Polarization','Dual');
xh = 1;
xv = 1;

Transmit a horizontal component and display the reflected Shh and Svh polarization components.

x = radiator(xh,0,[0;0],eye(3));
xrefl = target(x,[0;0],eye(3));
[Shh,Svh] = collector(xrefl,[0;0],eye(3))

Shh = 
0

Svh = 
0.0000 + 3.5474i

Transmit a vertical component and display the reflected Shv and Svv polarization components.

x = radiator(0,xv,[0;0],eye(3));
xrefl = target(x,[0;0],eye(3));
[Shv,Svv] = collector(xrefl,[0;0],eye(3))

Shv = 
0.0000 + 3.5474i

Svv = 
7.0947

References

[1] Van Trees, H. Optimum Array Processing. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

See System Objects in MATLAB Code Generation (MATLAB Coder).

Version History

Introduced in R2011a