Increase Image Resolution Using VDSR Network Running on FPGA
This example shows how to create a high-resolution image from a low-resolution image using a very-deep super-resolution (VDSR) neural network running on an FPGA. Use Deep Learning HDL Toolbox™ to deploy the VDSR network and MATLAB® to retrieve the high-resolution image. To create the trained VDSR network used in this example, see Increase Image Resolution Using Deep Learning.
Create Sample Low-Resolution Image
The test data set, testImages, contains 20 undistorted images. Load the images into an imageDatastore object.
fileNames = ["sherlock.jpg","peacock.jpg","fabric.png","greens.jpg", ... "hands1.jpg","kobi.png","lighthouse.png","office_4.jpg", ... "onion.png","pears.png","yellowlily.jpg","indiancorn.jpg", ... "flamingos.jpg","sevilla.jpg","llama.jpg","parkavenue.jpg", ... "strawberries.jpg","trailer.jpg","wagon.jpg","football.jpg"]; filePath = fullfile(matlabroot,"toolbox","images","imdata")+filesep; filePathNames = strcat(filePath,fileNames); testImages = imageDatastore(filePathNames);
Display the test images as a montage.
montage(testImages)
Select one of the test images to use to test the super-resolution network.
testImage ="sherlock.jpg"; Ireference = imread(testImage); Ireference = im2double(Ireference); imshow(Ireference) title("High-Resolution Reference Image")
Create a low-resolution version of the high-resolution reference image by using imresize with a scaling factor of 0.25. The high-frequency components of the image are lost during the down scaling.
scaleFactor = 0.25; Ilowres = imresize(Ireference,scaleFactor,"bicubic"); imshow(Ilowres) title("Low-Resolution Image")
Improve Image Resolution Using Bicubic Interpolation
A standard way to increase image resolution without deep learning is to use bicubic interpolation. Upscale the low-resolution image using bicubic interpolation so that the resulting high-resolution image is the same size as the reference image.
[nrows,ncols,np] = size(Ireference); Ibicubic = imresize(Ilowres,[nrows ncols],"bicubic"); imshow(Ibicubic) title("High-Resolution Image Obtained Using Bicubic Interpolation")
Improve Image Resolution Using a Pretrained VDSR Network in Single Precision
VDSR is trained using only the luminance channel of an image because human perception is more sensitive to changes in brightness than to changes in color.
Convert the low-resolution image from the RGB color space to the luminance (Iy) and chrominance (Icb and Icr) channels by using the rgb2ycbcr (Image Processing Toolbox) function.
Iycbcr = rgb2ycbcr(Ilowres); Iy = Iycbcr(:,:,1); Icb = Iycbcr(:,:,2); Icr = Iycbcr(:,:,3);
Upscale the luminance and two chrominance channels using bicubic interpolation. The upsampled chrominance channels, Icb_bicubic and Icr_bicubic, require no further processing.
Iy_bicubic = imresize(Iy,[nrows ncols],"bicubic"); Icb_bicubic = imresize(Icb,[nrows ncols],"bicubic"); Icr_bicubic = imresize(Icr,[nrows ncols],"bicubic");
Load Pretrained Network
Load the pretrained VDSR network.
load('trainedVDSRNet.mat')View the network layers by using the Deep Network Designer app.
deepNetworkDesigner(net)
Define FPGA Board Interface
Define the target FPGA board programming interface by using a dlhdl.Target object. Create a programming interface with a custom name for your target device and an Ethernet interface to connect the target device to the host computer.
hT = dlhdl.Target('Xilinx',Interface="Ethernet");
Prepare Network for Deployment
Prepare the network for deployment by creating a dlhdl.Workflow object. Specify the network and bitstream name. Ensure that the bitstream name matches the data type and the FPGA board that you are targeting. In this example, the target FPGA board is the Xilinx® Zynq® UltraScale+™ MPSoC ZCU102 board and the bitstream uses the single data type.
hW = dlhdl.Workflow(Network=net,Bitstream='zcu102_single',Target=hT);Compile Network
Run the compile method of the dlhdl.Workflow object to compile the network and generate the instructions, weights, and biases for deployment.
dn = compile(hW,'InputFrameNumberLimit',600);### Compiling network for Deep Learning FPGA prototyping ...
### Targeting FPGA bitstream zcu102_single.
### An output layer called 'Output1_Conv20' of type 'nnet.cnn.layer.RegressionOutputLayer' has been added to the provided network. This layer performs no operation during prediction and thus does not affect the output of the network.
### The network includes the following layers:
1 'InputLayer' Image Input 41×41×1 images (SW Layer)
2 'Conv1' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
3 'ReLU1' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
4 'Conv2' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
5 'ReLU2' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
6 'Conv3' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
7 'ReLU3' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
8 'Conv4' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
9 'ReLU4' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
10 'Conv5' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
11 'ReLU5' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
12 'Conv6' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
13 'ReLU6' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
14 'Conv7' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
15 'ReLU7' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
16 'Conv8' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
17 'ReLU8' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
18 'Conv9' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
19 'ReLU9' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
20 'Conv10' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
21 'ReLU10' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
22 'Conv11' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
23 'ReLU11' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
24 'Conv12' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
25 'ReLU12' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
26 'Conv13' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
27 'ReLU13' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
28 'Conv14' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
29 'ReLU14' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
30 'Conv15' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
31 'ReLU15' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
32 'Conv16' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
33 'ReLU16' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
34 'Conv17' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
35 'ReLU17' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
36 'Conv18' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
37 'ReLU18' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
38 'Conv19' 2-D Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
39 'ReLU19' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
40 'Conv20' 2-D Convolution 1 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
41 'Output1_Conv20' Regression Output mean-squared-error (SW Layer)
### Notice: The layer 'InputLayer' with type 'nnet.cnn.layer.ImageInputLayer' is implemented in software.
### Notice: The layer 'Output1_Conv20' with type 'nnet.cnn.layer.RegressionOutputLayer' is implemented in software.
### Compiling layer group: Conv1>>Conv20 ...
### Compiling layer group: Conv1>>Conv20 ... complete.
### Allocating external memory buffers:
offset_name offset_address allocated_space
_______________________ ______________ ________________
"InputDataOffset" "0x00000000" "15.4 MB"
"OutputResultOffset" "0x00f64000" "15.4 MB"
"SchedulerDataOffset" "0x01ec8000" "0.0 kB"
"SystemBufferOffset" "0x01ec8000" "892.0 kB"
"InstructionDataOffset" "0x01fa7000" "1.4 MB"
"ConvWeightDataOffset" "0x02101000" "2.6 MB"
"EndOffset" "0x023a0000" "Total: 35.6 MB"
### Network compilation complete.
Program the Bitstream onto the FPGA and Download Network Weights
To deploy the network on the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 hardware, run the deploy method of the dlhdl.Workflow object. This method programs the FPGA board using the output of the compile method and the programming file, downloads the network weights and biases, and displays the progress messages and the time it takes to deploy the network.
deploy(hW);
### Programming FPGA Bitstream using Ethernet... ### Attempting to connect to the hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Connection successful ### Programming FPGA device on Xilinx SoC hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Attempting to connect to the hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Connection successful ### Copying FPGA programming files to SD card... ### Setting FPGA bitstream and devicetree for boot... # Copying Bitstream zcu102_single.bit to /mnt/hdlcoder_rd # Set Bitstream to hdlcoder_rd/zcu102_single.bit # Copying Devicetree devicetree_dlhdl.dtb to /mnt/hdlcoder_rd # Set Devicetree to hdlcoder_rd/devicetree_dlhdl.dtb # Set up boot for Reference Design: 'AXI-Stream DDR Memory Access : 3-AXIM' ### Programming done. The system will now reboot for persistent changes to take effect. ### Rebooting Xilinx SoC at 172.21.88.150... ### Reboot may take several seconds... ### Attempting to connect to the hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Connection successful ### Programming the FPGA bitstream has been completed successfully. ### Loading weights to Conv Processor. ### Conv Weights loaded. Current time is 29-Aug-2024 09:21:26
Test Network
Pass the upscaled luminance component, Iy_bicubic, through the trained VDSR network. To do this, use the helper function, runNetworkOnHWVDSR and observe the residual image obtained. To view the code of this function, see Helper Functions.
runNetworkOnHWVDSR;
### Finished writing input activations.
### Running in multi-frame mode with 384 inputs.
Deep Learning Processor Profiler Performance Results
LastFrameLatency(cycles) LastFrameLatency(seconds) FramesNum Total Latency Frames/s
------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
Network 9663531 0.04393 384 3711203044 22.8
Conv1 76773 0.00035
Conv2 527918 0.00240
Conv3 528314 0.00240
Conv4 528241 0.00240
Conv5 528073 0.00240
Conv6 528410 0.00240
Conv7 528175 0.00240
Conv8 528034 0.00240
Conv9 528014 0.00240
Conv10 528585 0.00240
Conv11 527880 0.00240
Conv12 528058 0.00240
Conv13 528366 0.00240
Conv14 528065 0.00240
Conv15 527894 0.00240
Conv16 528495 0.00240
Conv17 528305 0.00240
Conv18 528006 0.00240
Conv19 527936 0.00240
Conv20 79938 0.00036
* The clock frequency of the DL processor is: 220MHz
I = double(Iresidual);
imshow(Iresidual,[])
title("Residual Image from VDSR")
Add the residual image to the upscaled luminance component to generate the high-resolution VDSR luminance component.
Isr = Iy_bicubic + Iresidual;
Concatenate the high-resolution VDSR luminance component with the upscaled color components. Convert the image to the RGB color space by using the ycbcr2rgb (Image Processing Toolbox) function. The result is the final high-resolution color image.
Ivdsr = ycbcr2rgb(cat(3,Isr,Icb_bicubic,Icr_bicubic));
imshow(Ivdsr)
title("High-Resolution Image Obtained Using VDSR")
Improve Image Resolution by Using a Quantized VDSR Network
The single data type VDSR network performs at 22.8 frames per second. To improve the network performance quantize the network.
Create dlquantizer Object
Create a quantized network object by using the dlquantizer object. Set the target execution environment to FPGA.
dlq = dlquantizer(net,ExecutionEnvironment="FPGA");Calibrate Quantized Network
Use the calibrate method to exercise the network by using sample inputs to collect the range information. The calibrate method exercises the network and collects the dynamic ranges for the learnable parameters of the layers of the network.
For best quantization results, the calibration data must be a representative of actual inputs that are predicted by the network.
imds = augmentedImageDatastore([640,960],Iy_bicubic); calibrate(dlq,imds);
Prepare Network for Deployment
Prepare the network for deployment by creating a dlhdl.Workflow object. Specify the network and bitstream name. Ensure that the bitstream name matches the data type and the FPGA board that you are targeting. In this example, the target FPGA board is the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 board and the bitstream uses the int8 data type.
hW = dlhdl.Workflow(Network=dlq,Bitstream='zcu102_int8',Target=hT);Compile Network
Run the compile method of the dlhdl.Workflow object to compile the network and generate the instructions, weights, and biases for deployment.
dn = compile(hW,'InputFrameNumberLimit', 600);### Compiling network for Deep Learning FPGA prototyping ...
### Targeting FPGA bitstream zcu102_int8.
### An output layer called 'Output1_Conv20' of type 'nnet.cnn.layer.RegressionOutputLayer' has been added to the provided network. This layer performs no operation during prediction and thus does not affect the output of the network.
### The network includes the following layers:
### Notice: The layer 'InputLayer' with type 'nnet.cnn.layer.ImageInputLayer' is implemented in software.
### Notice: The layer 'Output1_Conv20' with type 'nnet.cnn.layer.RegressionOutputLayer' is implemented in software.
### Compiling layer group: Conv1>>Conv20 ...
### Compiling layer group: Conv1>>Conv20 ... complete.
### Allocating external memory buffers:
offset_name offset_address allocated_space
_______________________ ______________ ________________
"InputDataOffset" "0x00000000" "7.7 MB"
"OutputResultOffset" "0x007b2000" "7.7 MB"
"SchedulerDataOffset" "0x00f64000" "0.0 kB"
"SystemBufferOffset" "0x00f64000" "248.0 kB"
"InstructionDataOffset" "0x00fa2000" "700.0 kB"
"ConvWeightDataOffset" "0x01051000" "732.0 kB"
"EndOffset" "0x01108000" "Total: 17.0 MB"
### Network compilation complete.
Program Bitstream onto FPGA and Download Network Weights
To deploy the network on the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 hardware, run the deploy method of the dlhdl.Workflow object. This method programs the FPGA board using the output of the compile method and the programming file, downloads the network weights and biases, and displays the progress messages and the time it takes to deploy the network.
deploy(hW);
### Programming FPGA Bitstream using Ethernet... ### Attempting to connect to the hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Connection successful ### Programming FPGA device on Xilinx SoC hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Attempting to connect to the hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Connection successful ### Copying FPGA programming files to SD card... ### Setting FPGA bitstream and devicetree for boot... # Copying Bitstream zcu102_int8.bit to /mnt/hdlcoder_rd # Set Bitstream to hdlcoder_rd/zcu102_int8.bit # Copying Devicetree devicetree_dlhdl.dtb to /mnt/hdlcoder_rd # Set Devicetree to hdlcoder_rd/devicetree_dlhdl.dtb # Set up boot for Reference Design: 'AXI-Stream DDR Memory Access : 3-AXIM' ### Programming done. The system will now reboot for persistent changes to take effect. ### Rebooting Xilinx SoC at 172.21.88.150... ### Reboot may take several seconds... ### Attempting to connect to the hardware board at 172.21.88.150... ### Connection successful ### Programming the FPGA bitstream has been completed successfully. ### Loading weights to Conv Processor. ### Conv Weights loaded. Current time is 29-Aug-2024 09:24:12
Test Network
Pass the upscaled luminance component, Iy_bicubic, through the trained VDSR network. To do this, use the helper function, runNetworkOnHW.
runNetworkOnHWVDSR;
### Finished writing input activations.
### Running in multi-frame mode with 384 inputs.
Deep Learning Processor Profiler Performance Results
LastFrameLatency(cycles) LastFrameLatency(seconds) FramesNum Total Latency Frames/s
------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
Network 2745207 0.01098 384 1054250789 91.1
Conv1 38228 0.00015
Conv2 148363 0.00059
Conv3 148350 0.00059
Conv4 148540 0.00059
Conv5 148324 0.00059
Conv6 148434 0.00059
Conv7 148485 0.00059
Conv8 148512 0.00059
Conv9 148445 0.00059
Conv10 148503 0.00059
Conv11 148608 0.00059
Conv12 148440 0.00059
Conv13 148379 0.00059
Conv14 148441 0.00059
Conv15 148429 0.00059
Conv16 148415 0.00059
Conv17 148504 0.00059
Conv18 148620 0.00059
Conv19 148437 0.00059
Conv20 34699 0.00014
* The clock frequency of the DL processor is: 250MHz
Iresidual = double(Iresidual);
imshow(Iresidual,[])
title("Residual Image from Quantized VDSR")
Add the residual image to the upscaled luminance component to generate the high-resolution VDSR luminance component.
Isr = Iy_bicubic + Iresidual;
Concatenate the high-resolution VDSR luminance component with the upscaled color components. Convert the image to the RGB color space by using the ycbcr2rgb (Image Processing Toolbox) function. The result is the final high-resolution color image.
Ivdsrquantized = ycbcr2rgb(cat(3,Isr,Icb_bicubic,Icr_bicubic));
imshow(Ivdsrquantized)
title("High-Resolution Image Obtained Using Quantized VDSR")
Compare Visual and Performance Results
Examine a small region inside of each image. Specify a region of interest (ROI) using a vector roi in the format [x y width height]. The elements define the x- and y- coordinates of the top-left corner, and the width and height of the ROI.
roi = [360 50 400 350];
Crop the high-resolution images to this ROI, and display the results as a montage. The quantized VDSR image has clearer details and sharper resolutions than the high-resolution image created using single data type VDSR.
montage({imcrop(Ivdsr,roi);imcrop(Ivdsrquantized,roi)})
title("High Resolution Results Using VDSR (Left) vs. Quantized VDSR (Right)");
The quantized VDSR network has a performance of 91.2 frames per second compared to the 22.8 frames per second for the single-data-type network.
Helper Functions
The runNetworkOnHWVDSR function:
Generates a bicubic interpolation of the input image.
Splits the bicubic interpolation image into smaller blocks.
Passes the smaller blocks as multi-frame inputs to the deployed network.
Uses the
predictmethod to retrieve the higher-resolution individual smaller block images.Combines the higher-resolution block images into the output image and returns the output image.
% Copyright 2022-2024 The MathWorks, Inc. networkInputSize = net.Layers(1).InputSize(1:2); imgTestSize = size(Iy_bicubic); Iy_bicubic_new = zeros(imgTestSize + ([41 41]-mod(imgTestSize,41))); Iy_bicubic_new(1:imgTestSize(1), 1:imgTestSize(2)) = Iy_bicubic ; numberOfBlocks = ceil(imgTestSize./networkInputSize); totalBlocks = prod(numberOfBlocks); splitImage = mat2cell(Iy_bicubic_new, networkInputSize(1)*ones(1, numberOfBlocks(1)), networkInputSize(1)*ones(1, numberOfBlocks(2))); multiFrameInput = zeros([networkInputSize 1 totalBlocks]); for i=1:(totalBlocks) multiFrameInput(:,:,:,i) = splitImage{i}; end multiFrameInput = dlarray(multiFrameInput, 'SSCB'); residualImage = hW.predict(multiFrameInput, 'Profile','on'); concatenatedResult = []; for i=1:numberOfBlocks(2) subset = residualImage(:,:,numberOfBlocks(1)*(i-1)+1:i*numberOfBlocks(1)); verticalConcatenation = []; for j=1:numberOfBlocks(1) verticalConcatenation = [verticalConcatenation; subset(:,:,j)]; end concatenatedResult = [concatenatedResult verticalConcatenation]; end Iresidual = concatenatedResult(1:imgTestSize(1), 1:imgTestSize(2)); Iresidual = extractdata(Iresidual);
References
[1] Kim, J., J. K. Lee, and K. M. Lee. "Accurate Image Super-Resolution Using Very Deep Convolutional Networks." Proceedings of the IEEE® Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2016, pp. 1646-1654.
See Also
dlhdl.Target | dlhdl.Workflow | compile | deploy | predict | dlquantizer | calibrate
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