Charge an Electric Vehicle

You can use the electric vehicle (EV) charging reference application to model charging of an EV battery, using either an NACS coupler (as introduced by Tesla^®) or an SAE J1772/CCS coupler. The battery charging process includes digital communications between the electric vehicle and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) unit. The application provides four charging options, each utilizing a different combination of coupler and basic charging and high-level communication protocols, and incorporates a Datasheet Battery block without thermal management.

Use the EV charging reference application for control and diagnostic algorithm design and to test digital communication protocols. To create and open a working copy of the reference application project, use this command.

autoblkEvChargingStart 

Charging Model Options

By default, the app opens an EvChargingNACS model. This model simulates the NACS (North American Charging Standard), in the DC charging use case. To execute another option, click the desired project under the Project Shortcuts tab on the MATLAB^® pane.

Project Shortcut	Basic Charging Protocol	High-Level Communication Protocol	Coupler
EvChargingNACS	IEC 61851	DIN SPEC 70121	NACS
EvChargingAC	SAE J1772	n/a	SAE J1772/CCS
EvChargingCCS	IEC 61851	ISO 15118	SAE J1772/CCS
EvChargingDC	SAE J1772	DIN SPEC 70121	SAE J1772/CCS

This table shows the NACS coupler (connector side) used in the first option, and describes the pins used for communication and charging.

Pin Label	Name	Description	NACS Coupler
HV+	Power Terminal (+)	Positive power connection
HV-	Power Terminal (-)	Negative power connection
PE	Ground (Protective Earth)	Common ground
CP	Control Pilot	Detects contact between connector and plug and carries the two way communication on a 1 kHz PWM signal
PP	Proximity Pilot	Detects proximity of connector to plug, even if not fully inserted, enabling warning of damage to connection hardware if vehicle or EVSE moves

The other three options use the SAE J1772/CCS Combo Coupler, which is the combined charging system (CCS) version of the SAE J1772 coupler. This table shows the coupler (connector side) and describes the pins used for communication and charging.

Pin Label	Name	Description	J1772/CCS Combo Coupler
L1	Line (AC1)	Single-phase AC power
N	Neutral (AC2)	Neutral single-phase AC power
PE	Ground (Protective Earth)	Common ground
CP	Control Pilot	Detects contact between connector and plug and carries the two way communication on a 1 kHz PWM signal
CS	Proximity Detection/Proximity Contact/Connection Signal	Detects proximity of connector to plug, even if not fully inserted, enabling warning of damage to connection hardware if vehicle or EVSE moves
DC+	DC Power Terminal (+)	Positive DC power connection
DC-	DC Power Terminal (-)	Negative DC power connection

Simulate Model

To start charging, click Run. You can choose one of two views of the process. This first view shows the digital communications between the EV and the EVSE, shown in this image.

The app defaults to the dashboard view, shown in this image.

This view uses less animation than the first, so the app runs faster with the dashboard displayed. The dashboard shows the states of the charging coupler, the readiness of the EV and EVSE to charge, and the authentication and authorization to charge. Numerical displays show the rate and progress of the charge. Alternatively, you can turn off the animation for the top level model. On the Debug tab set Animation speed to None in the Event Animation section.

This table summarizes the switch options, indicator lights, and charging statuses shown in the dashboard.

Dashboard Section	Switch, Indicator Light, or Status	Description
Power Connector, Control Pilot & Proximity Detection	Plug_in	Switch output indicating if the vehicle is plugged in (1) or unplugged (0).
	Latch	Switch output indicating if the mechanical latch lever position is released (1) or held open (0).
	Connector Lock	Indicator light switches from red to green when the connector is locked.
System status for EV & EVSE	EvseType	Switch output indicating if a supercharger (1) or home charging (0) is selected.
	ChrgOK	Switch output indicating if the charger is ready to supply energy (1) or not ready to supply energy (0).
	UtilityOK	Switch output indicating if the power to the charger is on (1) or off (0).
Authentication	StartCmd	Switch output indicating the user has requested charging to start (1) or stop (0).
	Authentication	Switch output indicating payment has been authenticated (1) or not authenticated (0).
Charging Status	ChargingState	Status indicating the charging state. See Charging States.
	BattSOC	Status indicating the battery state of charge percent.
	BattCurr	Status indicating the current output during charging.
	DutyCycle	Status indicating the duty cycle during charging.
	Charge Status Indicator	Indicator light switches from red to green when the vehicle is connected and ready to charge and if the EVSE is ready to supply energy.
	AC Present Indicator	Indicator light switches from red to green when the charger is powered.

Charging States

As you develop your model, you can replace the manual switches with timed or triggered ones and verify their actions.

Here is a table of Charging_State values and their descriptions, for the IEC 61851 basic charging protocol.

System states detected by EV supply equipment (EVSE) per IEC 61851-1:2017

State Designation	EV Status	EVSE Status
A1	Vehicle not connected	EVSE not ready
A2	Vehicle not connected	EVSE ready
B1	Vehicle connected & not ready to accept energy	EVSE not ready to supply energy
B2	Vehicle connected & not ready to accept energy	EVSE ready to supply energy
C1	Vehicle connected & ready to accept energy/EV does not require charging area ventilation	EVSE not ready to supply energy
C2	Vehicle connected & ready to accept energy/EV does not require charging area ventilation	EVSE ready to supply energy
D1	Vehicle connected & ready to accept energy/EV requires charging area ventilation	EVSE not ready to supply energy
D2	Vehicle connected & ready to accept energy/EV requires charging area ventilation	EVSE ready to supply energy
E	EVSE disconnected from vehicle / EVSE disconnected from utility, EVSE loss of utility power or control pilot short to control pilot reference
F	Other EVSE problem

Here is a table of Charging_State values and their descriptions, for the SAE J1772 basic charging protocol.

System states detected by EV supply equipment (EVSE) per SAE J1772:2017

State Designation	Description
A	Vehicle not connected
B1	Vehicle connected / not ready to accept energy EVSE not ready to supply energy
B2	Vehicle connected / not ready to accept energy EVSE capable to supply energy
C	Vehicle connected / ready to accept energy / indoor area charging ventilation not required EVSE capable to supply energy
D	Vehicle connected / ready to accept energy / indoor area charging ventilation required EVSE capable to supply energy
E	EVSE disconnected from vehicle / EVSE disconnected from utility, EVSE loss of utility power or control pilot short to control pilot reference
F	Other EVSE problem

Notes:

• States D, D1 and D2 for basic charging are not implemented in the reference application.

• High level communication (HLC) evaluates application layer messages, logic, and timing management for electric vehicle charging communication protocols. Physical layers and other OSI layers mentioned in the protocols are not implemented in the reference application.

Charging Analysis

Once charging is complete, you can display the results in the Simulation Data Inspector versus time. You can select results for battery current, battery state of charge, charging status, and others. See View Simulation Data in Simulation Data Inspector.

You can also use the Sequence Viewer to see the communications between the EV and the EVSE. See Use the Sequence Viewer to Visualize Messages, Events, and Entities (Stateflow).